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Effect of Low-Calorie High-Protein Diets on Glucose Metabolism and Cardiometabolic Profiles in Individuals With Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity
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- This study investigated the effects of two low-calorie high-protein (HP) diets — one based on animal protein and the other on plant protein — on glycemic and cardiometabolic outcomes in individuals with overweight or obesity and glucose metabolism disorders. Both diets led to comparable reductions in body weight (approximately 6–8 kg) and fat mass (approximately 7%–10%) over 3 and 6 months. The lean mass reduction was comparable between the two diet groups (P = .725), and adjustments for age, sex, and protein intake ratios showed no substantial differences between the two groups. Both diets resulted in comparable improvements in blood pressure, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A1 levels. Although variations in the levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and some inflammatory markers were noted, they were not statistically significant. Both HP diets enhanced metabolic biomarkers related to glucose homeostasis and inflammation. The fasting incretin levels decreased in both groups, with a significant correlation between weight loss and reduced GLP-1 levels observed at 3 months.
- These findings suggest that HP diets are an effective strategy for weight loss, which can play a crucial role in the prevention and management of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the results suggest that a variety of protein sources can offer comparable benefits, highlighting the flexibility and versatility of HP diets.
abstract
This abstract is available on the publisher's site.
Access this abstract nowAIM
The aim was to study the effect of two low-calorie, high-protein (HP) diets, with most of the protein coming from animal or plant sources, on glycaemic and other cardiometabolic outcomes in subjects with overweight or obesity and glucose metabolism disorders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 117 participants aged >18 years with body mass index over 27.5 kg/m2 and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were randomized to one of two HP low-calorie diets (35% of total calories from protein), in which 75% of the protein was from either plant-based sources (HPP) or animal sources (HPA). For both diets, 30% and 35% of the total calories were from fat and carbohydrates, respectively. The dietary intervention lasted 6 months.
RESULTS
Both diets improved body composition to a similar extent, including weight loss (-8.05 ± 5.12 kg for the HPA diet and -7.70 ± 5.47 kg for the HPP diet at 6 months) and fat mass, mainly visceral fat. Both diets had a similar beneficial effect on glucose metabolism, including fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index and glycated haemoglobin. Other biochemical parameters, including lipid profiles, liver enzymes, adipokines and inflammatory biomarkers, similarly improved in both groups. Fasting incretins, mainly glucagon-like peptide 1, decreased significantly in both groups, and this effect correlated with weight loss.
CONCLUSIONS
Low-calorie HP diets improved body composition, glucose metabolism and other cardiometabolic outcomes, regardless of protein source (either animal or plant sources), in outpatients with prediabetes or T2DM.
Additional Info
Disclosure statements are available on the authors' profiles:
Low-calorie, high-protein diets, regardless of protein source, improve glucose metabolism and cardiometabolic profiles in subjects with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity
Diabetes Obes Metab 2024 Oct 17;[EPub Ahead of Print], C Rodrigo-Carbó, L Madinaveitia-Nisarre, S Pérez-Calahorra, I Gracia-Rubio, A Cebollada, C Galindo-Lalana, R Mateo-Gallego, I Lamiquiz-MoneoFrom MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.